Sub-structure
The sub-structure forms the building’s foundation, including footings, slabs, and below-ground walls. Typically heavy in concrete and steel, these elements often account for a large share of total embodied carbon. Early-stage visibility into material impacts can support reduction strategies from the ground up.
Natural Sand
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
3.10
tonne
Australia
25 MPa, Concrete: NS25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
158.88
m3
Reinforcing steel in bars and coils
SIDENOR Steel Group
659.00
tonne
Greece
Shrinkage Limited Cement (SL) - Port Kembla
Adbri Limited
812.00
tonne
Australia
ENVISIA concrete in-situ Perth metro - 20MPa
Boral
163.00
m3
Australia
Spraymasta Tunnel 40MPa 40kg/m³ Steel Fibre, 1bag/m³ Poly Fibre
Heidelberg Materials Australia Pty Ltd
301.00
m3
Australia
25 MPa, Concrete: S22 @ 3 40pt manufactured at Smithfield
319.25
m3
Reinforcing strand Multi-strand post-tensioning system anchorage Type GC
VSL International, Ltd.
2,240.00
tonne
Switzerland
Port Kembla General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
846.00
tonne
Australia
Normal GP blend concrete in-situ Perth metro - 20MPa
Boral
244.00
m3
Australia
32 MPa, Pre-mix concrete S32RCIN
295.77
m3
Normal GP /GGBFS blend blend concrete in-situ Perth metro - 20MPa
Boral
192.00
m3
Australia
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete GS2020-1
196.38
m3
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Darwin
Adbri Limited
509.00
tonne
Australia
Concrete Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
7.98
tonne
Australia
Ballast Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
7.81
tonne
Australia
Other Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
6.12
tonne
Australia
Asphalt Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
9.24
tonne
Australia
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete GS2020-2
171.76
m3
Reinforcing strand PC Strand
Gallega de cordones y alambres, S.L.
1,840.00
tonne
Spain
Low Carbon Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
544.00
tonne
Australia
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete WGS2020-1
189.03
m3
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Birkenhead
Adbri Limited
676.00
tonne
Australia
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete WGS2020-2
178.37
m3
Manufactured Sand
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
6.01
tonne
Australia
Low Heat Cement (LH) - Darwin
Adbri Limited
509.00
tonne
Australia
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete N2020
187.46
m3
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete N4020
301.22
m3
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete N5020
185.81
m3
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete WN2020
185.81
m3
Natural Sand
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
25 MPa, Concrete: NS25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Reinforcing steel in bars and coils
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Shrinkage Limited Cement (SL) - Port Kembla
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
ENVISIA concrete in-situ Perth metro - 20MPa
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Spraymasta Tunnel 40MPa 40kg/m³ Steel Fibre, 1bag/m³ Poly Fibre
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
25 MPa, Concrete: S22 @ 3 40pt manufactured at Smithfield
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Reinforcing strand Multi-strand post-tensioning system anchorage Type GC
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Port Kembla General Purpose Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Normal GP blend concrete in-situ Perth metro - 20MPa
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32 MPa, Pre-mix concrete S32RCIN
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Normal GP /GGBFS blend blend concrete in-situ Perth metro - 20MPa
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete GS2020-1
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Darwin
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Concrete Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Ballast Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Other Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Asphalt Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete GS2020-2
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Reinforcing strand PC Strand
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Low Carbon Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete WGS2020-1
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Birkenhead
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete WGS2020-2
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Manufactured Sand
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Low Heat Cement (LH) - Darwin
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete N2020
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete N4020
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete N5020
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20MPa, Pre-mix concrete WN2020
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Filter & sort
Aggregates and sand
Aggregates
Sand
Concretes and concrete products
Cement and cement mixes
Ready-mix concrete
Steel and Steel Products
Primary steel
Steel reinforcement
Footprint
kg CO₂e/unit
–
kg CO₂e/unit